Arikamedu Archaeological Site, Ariyankuppam – History
The
first mention about Arikamedu was in 1734, in a communication from the Consul
of the Indo-French colony of Pondicherry. It informed the French East India
Company that villagers were extracting old bricks from the Virampattinam.
The earliest mention of the Arikamedu archaeological site was by Le
Gentil of France, who the King of France had assigned to observe notable
astronomical occurrences in the world. Gentil, after visiting Arikamedu,
confirmed the earlier report of the Consul of the Indo-French colony.
In 1765,
when he visited the ruins at the site, he found the people of the village
collecting large ancient bricks exposed at the river bank. The villagers told
him that they had retrieved the bricks from an old fort of the king the
Vira-Raguen. In 1937, Jouveau Dubreuil, an Indologist, also from France, purchased gem stone antiquities from
local children, and also gathered some exposed on the site's surface. In
particular, he found an intaglio carved with the picture of a man. As a
numismatist, he identified the intaglio as Augustus Caesar. He also found fine
beads and gems. He concluded that these antiquities belonged to the Roman
Empire.
Dubreuil
informed the local Governor of Pondicherry about his find, and called Arikamedu
"a true Roman city." He published a short note about his findings. In
the early 1940s, Service des Travaux Publics carried out random excavations.
Father Fancheux and Raymand Surleau, who were not qualified archaeologists,
carried out the excavations at Arikamedu and sent a few antiquities to Indian
museums, and also to the École française
d'Extrême-Orient in Hanoi.
Sir
R.E.M. Wheeler, the Director General of
the Archaeological Survey of India, in the 1940s saw a few potsherds of Arikamedu site
displayed in the Madras Museum, which he identified as Arrentine ware, an expensive
ceramic made until 50 CE in Arizzo, Italy. Thereafter, when he visited the Pondicherry Museum and saw more of the findings from the Arikamedu
site, he was impressed and thought that he had found the links between the
Classical Mediterranean and Ancient
India. Soon thereafter in 1945, the
penultimate year of World
War II, he mounted excavations in a
scientific manner.
He was
looking for an archaeological site in India that could establish its cultural
link, a datum of the Indian antiquities to the Greco-Roman period, and this
quest led him to the Arikamedu site. These excavations also involved Indian
archaeologists, who were trained on the site. Wheeler published his findings in
1946. He noted that, for the local fishermen of the village, the antiquities
were strange—as they consisted of lamps, glass items, gemstones, cutlery and
crockery, wine containers, etc. He also observed that traders traveled from
west coast and from Ceylon, Kolchoi (Colchi) and the Ganges area to trade goods such as gems, pearls and
spices, and silk.
He
carried out excavations carefully, so that none of the antiquities were
damaged. This was followed by investigations after the war, from 1947–1950 by
Jean-Marie Casal. His report of excavations was not as fully published as
Wheeler's. His report was not well known in India, as it was not written
in English. However, his important conclusion was that the site
belonged to an early megalithic
period, as he had located megalithic
burials marked by stones, locally known in Tamil as Pandukal close to
the site.
The
excavations led to antiquities of Roman origin such as beads and gems, amphorae
(wine making vats) with remnants of wine, a Roman stamp, big bricks recovered
from an old wall, Arretine ware and so forth. From these antiquities Wheeler
concluded that the site was related to a period of trading with Rome, and that it was first established by emperor Augustus.
He also noted that this Indo-Roman trade lasted for a period of about 200
years, till 200 CE.
Wheeler
also found the Chinese celadon, identified to belong to the Song-Yuan dynasty, and
Chola coins from about the eleventh century, but these were rejected as despoiling items or remnants left by brick-robbers. Items
Chinese blue-and-white ware were also recovered from the site. Wheeler noted
that "rouletted Ware" found at the site (designated as
"Arikamedu Type 1" in the scientific study under the "Arikamedu
Type 10 Project: Mapping Early Historic Networks in South Asia and
Beyond") was not of an Indian origin, but was from the Mediterranean region. A ceramic sherd, ("Arikamedu Type 10)
has also been investigated for its style and spatial distribution.
After a
gap of several decades, in the early 1980s, Vimala Begley studied the ceramics
find of the site and proposed a preliminary version of the chronology of the
occupation of the site. At the same time, she started researching on the beads,
organized a proper sequential display of the artifacts of the site at the
Pondicherry Museum, and brought out an information brochure. Begley obtained
approvals to carry out excavations at the site in collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Madras; she and K.V. Raman
were the directors of operation from 1989 to 1992.
Steven
Sidebothom of the University of Delaware, who had back ground knowledge of Roman Egypt, was in
charge of the trenching at the site. Further excavations were done during six
working seasons from 1989 to 1992, which led to a contradictory view that the
brick structures and the wells investigated by Wheeler were of poor quality as
they were founded on poor sandy foundations. The wood work was also noted to be
of poor quality and the houses had no waterproofing. The excavations also lead
to a view that Arikamedu's Roman trading link was more of an inference. The
excavations have now established that the trading with Rome extended to a
period beyond that assessed by Wheeler; that trading continued from the
second century BCE to the seventh or eighth century CE.
The
extensive findings of glass and stone beads at the site provided Begley the
link to Arikamedu's history. She identified the beads as Indo-Pacific beads
crafted at Arikamedu. Based on the antiquities and structural features from the
excavations, Begley and Raman established a revised sequence of six major
periods of occupation of the site. Finds of new variety of Roman Amphorae ware
also facilitated revision of the dates of occupancy. They have also inferred
that the site has been in continuous occupation since at least 2nd or 3rd
century BCE to much more recent times.
Formerly
it was considered that Arikamedu was abandoned right after 200 A.D. but
fragments of amphoras and a copper coin of Constantine I minted between 306
& 324 A.D. found suggests that Arikamedu was occupied from 300 A.D. to 700
A.D. There is also considerable evidence to suggest that the site was occupied
during medieval Chola times. Finds of Chola coins, Chinese Celadon pottery and
other East Asian glazed ceramics suggest occupation of the site and some
involvement in the medieval East-West maritime trade as well. Some pottery
found here are very similar to the eleventh century pottery of
"Gangaikondacholapuram".
Decorated
spouts of water jars and clay lamps of the medieval period were also present. Two
perpendicular walls were accidently laid open and it was suggested that the
bricks of this wall and that found in Gangaikonda Cholapuram are similar,
although one cannot be sure. Therefore, it was not possible to place the two
walls in any specific time period yet. Except for the perpendicular walls and
mission house, there is not much that can be seen on the surface as the
excavated trenches have been filled up. Coconut and Mango trees were seen in
abundance.
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