Ananda Ranga Pillai – Life History
M. R. Ry. Ananda Ranga Pillai (30
March 1709 – 16 January 1761), (often pronounced as Anandarangam Pillai) was
a dubash in the service of the French East India Company.
He is mainly famous for his set of private
diaries from the years 1736 to 1761
which portray life in 18th century India. Ananda Ranga Pillai was
born in Madras in a well-to-do family. At a very early age,
Ananda Ranga Pillai emigrated with his father to Pondicherry where the family
pursued their business interests. On his father's death in 1726, Ananda Ranga
was made dubash and served in his capacity till his removal on grounds
of ill-health and deteriorating performance.
Ananda Ranga died in 1761 at the age of 51. Ananda Ranga
was especially known for his proximity to the French Governor Joseph François Dupleix, who favored him in various appointments. Ananda Ranga
Pillai's diaries were translated in the early 20th century and bring
to light life in the mid-18th century and the Anglo-French Carnatic
wars. His mansion in Pondicherry has been recognized as a
heritage monument. C. S. Srinivasachari, a prominent Indian historian, described Ananda Ranga Pillai as the "Samuel
Pepys of French India".
Early
Life
Ananda Ranga Pillai was born to a merchant named
Tiruvengada Pillai on 30 March 1709 in the village of Perambur on the outskirts of Madras. Madras was, then, the center of Tiruvengada Pillai's
business activities. In 1716, at the behest of Nainiya Pillai, brother-in-law
of Tiruvengada Pillai, who then functioned as the chief Indian agent of
French Pondicherry, Guillaume André d'Hébert, the territory's French Governor invited Tiruvengada
Pillai and other important Indian merchants of Madras, to his city. Relying
on Nainiya Pillai's advice, Tiruvengada moved with his family and businesses to
Pondicherry and settled there. Soon afterwards, Nainiya Pillai fell out of
favor with the Governor and was imprisoned and later died. In contrast,
Tiruvengada rapidly rose in favor with the French rulers and attained a
respectable position in the city.
On the arrest of Nainiya Pillai, Tiruvengada Pillai had
fled to Madras fearing arrest and ill-treatment. However, De La Prévostière who succeeded D’Hébert induced Tiruvengada to
return. Meanwhile, Nainiya Pillai's son Guruva Pillai escaped to France
via Madras. His charges against D’Hébert before the Duke of Orléans were responsible for the removal and replacement
of Governor D’Hébert. Guruva Pillai later adopted Christianity and settled down
in France, where he was admitted to the Order of Saint Michael as a chevalier. Guruva Pillai died in 1724 followed by Tiruvengada
Pillai in June 1726. His name is mentioned in the history of 8th class.
Early Career
Pierre Christoph Le Noir who succeeded De La Prévostière had great regard for
Tiruvengada Pillai and his family. Hence on Tiruvengada Pillai's death in 1726,
he gave employment to his son Ananda Ranga Pillai in the French East India
Company and made him the chief of the Indian employees at the Company's factory
at Porto Novo. Soon,
Ananda Ranga proved his worth. Large quantities of blue cloth were manufactured
at Porto Novo. This was made possible mainly due to the efforts of Ananda Ranga
Pillai who also established trading posts at Lalapettai and Arcot for trading Indian merchandise for European
manufactures.
Ananda's fortune reached greater heights during the
tenure of Le Noir's successor Pierre Benoît Dumas who, too, seemed to have had a favorable opinion
of him. Till his death, Guruva Pillai had functioned as the chief
dubash of Pondicherry. A dubash was
a merchant in service of the company who roughly performed the task of a
translator and intermediary between Indian and European merchants.
On Guruva's death, the chief dubashship passed into
the hands of another family as Guruva Pillai's children had been raised as
Hindus and the Chief Ecclesiastes of the Colony strongly desired that the
holders of the particular office needed to be a Christian. When Dupleix became
the Governor, the chief dubash was one Kanakaraya Mudali with whom Ananda Ranga Pillai had a bitter
rivalry. However, Kanakaraya Mudali died in the year 1746 and in
1747, after many consultations and decision-making, Ananda Ranga Pillai was
made chief dubash.
Rise to
Power
In November 1738, the bitter rivalry that had existed
between Ananda Ranga Pillai and the chief dubash Kanakaraya Mudali
flared up into a conflagration. Observing that Ananda Ranga Pillai had not
remitted the interest for the loan he had borrowed to pay coral merchants,
Kanakaraya Mudali reported the same to the Governor. Initially, the
Governor Dumas insisted upon the dubash paying the interest but
later, on learning of the heavy losses that had befallen
the dubash that year, he conceded and even offered to pay off
Ananda Ranga Pillai's debts. But Ananda Ranga Pillai refused. The matter was
raised before the Council where Ananda Ranga had to answer for the charges
brought out against him. Ananda Ranga pleaded with Mr. Golard a member of
the Council explaining that he had never paid interest before. At length,
the Council decided in favor of Ananda Ranga Pillai and his debt was waived.
On 22 October 1739, Kanakaraya Mudali's son, Velvendra
Mudali died at the age of 21. Velvendra's mother committed suicide on
hearing the news. On 19 October 1741, Dumas left Pondicherry leaving charge to the Deputy Governor who ruled
Pondicherry till 14 January 1742 when Joseph François Dupleix arrived from Chandranagore. During Dupleix's tenure, Ananda Ranga rose to the
zenith of power and prominence in French India and exercised firm control
over the internal affairs of the territory. From 1743 onwards, Ananda Ranga won
the confidence of the Governor of Pondicherry and rose up the ranks. when the
suburban villages of Pondicherry were leased for five years to Kumara Pillai,
Vira Nayakkan, Chandramadi Pillai, and Ella Pillai, Ananda Ranga Pillai was
able to offer surety for the renters for a period of five years.
Nevertheless, when Kesava Aiyan died, Ananda Ranga was
not able to prevent Kanakaraya Mudali from nominating his brother-in-law
Gavinivasa Mudali as dubash in Kesava Aiyan's place. Kanakaraya
Mudali secured his objective despite the vehement protests of Ananda Ranga
Pillai. On 29 June 1744, the marriage of Ananda Ranga Pillai's daughter Papal
was conducted in regal splendor. Ananda Ranga further solidified his
position by mediating in disputes such as those between Prakasa Mudali and
Tiruvengada Pillai, etc. Not to be left behind, on 30 November 1745,
Ananda Ranga's great rival Kanakaraya Mudali constructed a church at Ozhukkarai
and celebrated its consecration by providing a great feast. Ananda Ranga
Pillai, however, heaped heavy criticism for inviting people of non-Christian
faiths for the feast celebrating the consecration of a church.
On 12 February 1746, Kanakaraya Mudali died and on
his death, there was an inheritance dispute between his heirs. A Committee
of 20 officials were appointed to arbitrate and Ananda Ranga Pillai led the
Committee. The Committee decided that Chinna Mudali, the brother of the
deceased Kanakaraya Mudali was the rightful heir to his estate. However,
Chinna Mudali was not satisfied and the matter dragged on till April 1746,
when Ananda Ranga's diplomacy finally sealed the matter.
Apart from pleasing the Governor through his service,
Ananda Ranga Pillai also incurred the Governor's wrath on certain occasions.
There was at least one occasion during the period when Ananda Ranga was
questioned by Dupleix regarding payment of the large sum of money he owed to
the Company. Ananda Ranga Pillai, however, soon cleared off his debts by
paying one Suga Singh the money the Company owed him. However, still,
Dupleix demanded 1,000 pagodas that Ananda Ranga Pillai owed the
Company. It was evident that much more than the service Ananda Ranga
Pillai had rendered to the Company, it was Ananda Ranga Pillai's position as
Dupleix's favorite that had helped him scale the ladder.
Ananda Ranga Pillai was questioned by the Governor
regarding the ill-treatment of a prisoner called Mari Chetti. Chinna
Mudali was deputed to interrogate two eyewitnesses Tandavarayan and Rangan and
they swore that Ananda Ranga's conduct towards Mari Chetty was, in no way,
objectionable. Based on this evidence, Ananda Ranga was acquitted. Throughout
Dupleix's tenure, Ananda Ranga Pillai entertained dignitaries as
the dubash of Fort St David, Indian merchants, and even Mahe de la
Bordannais. He also supervised the regular payment of revenue. Official
communications to the Governor, too, was handled by him. He performed
errands for the Governor and adjudicated on criminal cases. In May 1746,
he interceded on behalf of one Karaikal Tiruvengadam who had been imprisoned
and obtained his release.
Soon after Kanakaraya Mudali's death in February 1746,
his younger brother Chinna Mudali started making efforts to obtain the post of
Chief Dubash which his brother had previously held. However, the property
dispute he had with Kanakaraya Mudali's wife and his own lack of competence and
skill soon saw him out of the race. On 12 June 1746, de Bausset, a longtime
companion of Ananda Ranga Pillai urged him to campaign for Chief
Dubash-ship. However, Ananda Ranga Pillai seems to have been reluctant to
accept the post initially when the Governor nominated Ananda Ranga Pillai for
the post. However, on the insistence of Mrs. Dupleix he accepted. At that
time, he came to know that another aspirant Annapurna Aiyan had bribed the
Governor and his wife for the post. However, this attempt fails as Ananda Ranga
Pillai is eventually appointed chief dubash. Mrs. Dupleix, allegedly,
demanded exorbitant bribes in order to support his candidature.
As Chief Dubash
The official appointment of Ananda Ranga Pillai was
delayed by a couple of years due to the stoppage of trade arising out of the
outbreak of hostilities between the French and the British. The British
retaliated the French occupation of Madras by an invasion of Pondicherry in July 1747. This invasion launched by
Admiral Boscawen ultimately failed to capture Pondicherry but hostilities soon
came to an end by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle. In 1748, Ananda Ranga Pillai
was officially designated chief dubash of French India. Soon afterwards,
hostilities with the British broke out once again. The French waged a proxy war
on behalf of Chanda Sahib supporting his claim in the war of succession
to the throne of Carnatic. The British felt compelled to intervene and
support Muhammad Ali in order to check the rise of French influence in the
Deccan.
In the early stages of the war, the French gained the
upper hand and by May 1751, French power in India was at its zenith. However,
the arrival of Robert Clive thwarted the French attempts to win the battle for
Chanda Sahib and the French eventually lost. During the later stages of
the war, Pillai notes, Dupleix's temperament grew highly irritable and
officers, including himself, feared to approach him. The lavishly constructed
palace at Pondicherry was completed during this period. Pillai also expressed
strong disapproval of some of the allegedly corrupt measures of Governor
Dupleix's wife Madame Dupleix.
The bitterness led to open hostilities between them.
Pillai was given the charge of collecting the revenue of a few villages in
Karaikal and he performed his duties satisfactorily despite the prevalence of
inconsistencies and unreliability of the records kept by his subordinate
agents. Following the unsuccessful bid at territorial expansion, Dupleix's
fortunes declined rapidly. He fell out of favour and was replaced as
Governor-General with Charles
Godeheu in the year 1754. With
Dupleix's departure for France, Pillai's influence in the colony began to
decline. To make matters worse, he was frequently troubled by poor
health. By 1756, his health had deteriorated to such an extent that the
Governor-General Georges Duval de Leyrit was obliged to remove him from service.
Death
& Legacy
Pillai's health worsened with the passage of time.
However, he notes in his diary, the corruption and intrigues which allegedly
plagued the French colony on Dupleix's departure. Pillai died on 12 January
1761 at the age of 51, just four days before Pondicherry surrendered to the troops of Colonel Coote. Pillai left behind three daughters. He also had
two sons Annasamy and Ayyasamy who predeceased him. Since the discovery and
translation of his diaries during the 19th and early 20th
centuries, Ananda Ranga Pillai has accumulated a great deal of posthumous fame
and recognition for his depiction of 18th century South India, the
intrigues and deals in French Pondicherry and his description of the French
conquest of Madras and the Carnatic Wars.
His set of diaries have emerged as one of our primary
sources of reference on the Carnatic Wars. Ananda Ranga Pillai has been
referred to by V.
V. S. Aiyar in his
journal Balabharati and had attracted the curiosity of Subramanya
Bharati, Aurobindo Ghosh and Mandyam Srinivasa Iyengar. C. S. Srinivasachari, a prominent Indian
historian, described Ananda Ranga Pillai as "the Samuel
Pepys of French India". Ananda
Ranga Pillai traded in cloth, yarn, indigo and arecanut with Manila, Mocha and
Mascareigne. He had his own ship Anandappuravi which sailed on
long trading voyages on high seas.
Ananda Ranga Pillai's house in
Pondicherry, which is located in a street named after the dubash, was one
of the few buildings to survive the British invasion of the city in
1761. It was recently recognized as a heritage monument by the Government
of Puducherry. The mansion is known for
its unique blend of Indian and French architecture: the ground floor being
built in Indian fashion, while the columns which supported the terrace followed
the French architectural style. A diary maintained by Muthu Vijaya
Tiruvengadam Pillai, grandson of Ananda Ranga Pillai, related the period from
1794 to 1796 was translated and published on 30 March 2000.
Patronage
of Arts
Ananda Ranga Pillai patronized the Hindu religion, arts
and poetry. And in return, poets praised Pillai in their works. Tamil poet
Namasivaya Pulavar, who also wrote a verse in praise of Ananda Ranga's father,
Tiruvenkadam Pillai, wrote that Ananda Ranga was as learned as the
thousand-headed Adisesha serpent. Madurakkavirayar wrote that when he
saw Ananda Ranga Pillai, he beheld the whole town of Pondicherry in him who was generous enough to offer him all
the wealth that he wanted. Kasturi Rangaiyan wrote an ode composed
in Telugu.
Tyagaraja Desikar wrote Ananda Rangan Kovai, a poem
of 400 lines in praise of Ananda Ranga Pillai. This work, it is believed,
took 16 years to complete and was presented to the dubash in the year
1755. In the poem, Tyagaraja venerated Ananda Ranga as the sovereign whose
kingdom extended from Gingee to Vijayapuram and Delhi and praised him for the
"conquest of Vanga, Kalinga and Telinga". Pillai, in turn,
gifted Tyagaraja with costly ornaments, money and land.
Discovery
and Translation of the Diaries
On Ananda Ranga Pillai's death, the diaries came into
the possession of his nephew Tiruvengadam Pillai who appears to have maintained
a series of records of his own till the beginning of 1770. Subsequent
generations of the family had discarded it until the manuscript was recovered
in a decrepit state by Gallois Montburn, the Mayor of Pondicherry, a scholar of Oriental languages, in 1846, who
immediately set upon translating the manuscript to French. However, when the
translated manuscript was being edited a number of gaps were discovered.
The gaps were supplemented when volumes one and two of
Ananda Ranga Pillai's diary were found. These were subsequently translated into
French in 1870 and 1889. In 1894, Julien
Vinson, Professor of the Special School
of Livino-Oriental Languages at Paris who had published the second translation
(which was, obviously, incomplete) published a supposed full translation of
Ananda Ranga Pillai's diaries titled Les Français dans l'Inde, In 1892,
the existence of the diary was brought to the notice of Lieutenant General H.
Macleod, the British Consular Agent in Pondicherry. At the direction of Lord Wenlock, the then Governor of
Madras, an English translation of the diary from Montbrun's copy was attempted.
This was completed in 1896.
